.TH convert 1 "12 Feb 1997" "ImageMagick" .SH NAME convert - converts an input file using one image format to an output file with the same or differing image format. .SH SYNOPSIS .B "convert" [ \fIoptions\fP ... ] \fIfile\fP [ \fIfile...\fP ] \fIfile\fP .SH DESCRIPTION \fBconvert\fP converts an input file using one image format to an output file with the same or differing image format. \fBconvert\fP recognizes the following image formats: .TP 7 .B Tag \fBDescription\fP ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- .TP 7 .B AVS AVS X image file. .TP 7 .B BIE+ Joint Bi-level Image experts Group file interchange format. .TP 7 .B BMP+ Microsoft Windows bitmap image file. .TP 7 .B BMP24+ Microsoft Windows 24-bit bitmap image file. .TP 7 .B CGM Computer Graphics Metafile. .TP 7 .B CMYK Raw cyan, magenta, yellow, and black bytes. .TP 7 .B DCX+ ZSoft IBM PC multi-page Paintbrush file. .TP 7 .B DIB Microsoft Windows bitmap image file. .TP 7 .B DICOM Medical image file. .TP 7 .B EPDF Encapsulated Portable Document Format. .TP 7 .B EPI Adobe Encapsulated PostScript Interchange format. .TP 7 .B EPS Adobe Encapsulated PostScript file. .TP 7 .B EPS2 Adobe Level II Encapsulated PostScript file. .TP 7 .B EPSF Adobe Encapsulated PostScript file. .TP 7 .B EPSI Adobe Encapsulated PostScript Interchange format. .TP 7 .B EPT Adobe Encapsulated PostScript Interchange format with TIFF preview. .TP 7 .B FAX+ Group 3. .TP 7 .B FIG TransFig image format. .TP 7 .B FITS Flexible Image Transport System. .TP 7 .B FPX FlashPix Format. .TP 7 .B GIF+ CompuServe graphics interchange format; 8-bit color. .TP 7 .B GIF87+ CompuServe graphics interchange format; 8-bit color (version 87a). .TP 7 .B GRAY Raw gray bytes. .TP 7 .B GRADIENT gradual passing from one shade to another. Specify the desired shading as the filename (e.g. gradient:red-blue). .TP 7 .B GRANITE granite texture. .TP 7 .B HDF+ Hierarchical Data Format. .TP 7 .B HISTOGRAM .TP 7 .B HPGL HP-GL plotter language. .TP 7 .B HTML Hypertext Markup Language with a client-side image map. .TP 7 .B JBIG+ Joint Bi-level Image experts Group file interchange format. .TP 7 .B JPEG Joint Photographic Experts Group JFIF format; compressed 24-bit color. .TP 7 .B ICO Microsoft icon. .TP 7 .B LABEL text image. .TP 7 .B MAP Red, green, and blue colormap bytes followed by the image colormap indexes. .TP 7 .B MIFF+ Magick image file format. .B MNG Multiple-image Network Graphics. .TP 7 .B MONO Bi-level bitmap in least-significant-byte (LSB) first order. .TP 7 .B MPEG+ Motion Picture Experts Group file interchange format. .TP 7 .B MTV+ MTV Raytracing image format. .TP 7 .B NETSCAPE Netscape 216 color cube. .TP 7 .B NULL NULL image. .TP 7 .B PBM+ Portable bitmap format (black and white). .TP 7 .B PCD Photo CD. The maximum resolution written is 512x768 pixels. .TP 7 .B PCL Page Control Language. .TP 7 .B PCX ZSoft IBM PC Paintbrush file. .TP 7 .B PDF+ Portable Document Format. .TP 7 .B PGM+ Portable graymap format (gray scale). .TP 7 .B PICT Apple Macintosh QuickDraw/PICT file. .TP 7 .B PIX Alias/Wavefront RLE image format. .TP 7 .B PLASMA plasma fractal image. Specify the base color as the filename (e.g. plasma:gray). Use \fBfractal\fP to initialize to a random value (e.g. plasma:fractal). .TP 7 .B PNG Portable Network Graphics. .TP 7 .B PNM+ Portable anymap. .TP 7 .B PPM+ Portable pixmap format (color). .TP 7 .B PS+ Adobe PostScript file. .TP 7 .B PSD Adobe Photoshop bitmap file. .TP 7 .B PS2+ Adobe Level II PostScript file. .TP 7 .B P7 Xv's visual schnauzer format. .TP 7 .B RAD Radiance image format. .TP 7 .B RGB Raw red, green, and blue bytes. .TP 7 .B RGBA Raw red, green, blue and matte bytes. .TP 7 .B RLA Alias/Wavefront image file; read only .TP 7 .B RLE Utah Run length encoded image file; read only. .TP 7 .B SGI+ Irix RGB image file. .TP 7 .B SHTML Hypertext Markup Language with a client-side image map. .TP 7 .B SUN+ SUN Rasterfile. .TP 7 .B TEXT raw text file; read only. .TP 7 .B TGA+ Truevision Targa image file. .TP 7 .B TIFF+ Tagged Image File Format. .TP 7 .B TIFF24+ 24-bit Tagged Image File Format. .TP 7 .B TILE tile image with a texture. .TP 7 .B TIM PSX TIM file. .TP 7 .B TTF TrueType font file. .TP 7 .B UIL X-Motif UIL table. .TP 7 .B UYVY Interleaved YUV. .TP 7 .B VICAR read only. .TP 7 .B VID Visual Image Directory. .TP 7 .B VIFF+ Khoros Visualization image file. .TP 7 .B WIN select image from or display image to your computer screen. .TP 7 .B X select image from or display image to your X server screen. .TP 7 .B XC constant image of X server color. Specify the desired color as the filename (e.g. xc:yellow). .TP 7 .B XBM X11 bitmap file. .TP 7 .B XPM X Windows system pixmap file (color). .TP 7 .B XWD X Windows system window dump file (color). .TP 7 .B YUV+ CCIR 601 4:1:1 file. Note, a format delineated with \fB+\fP means that if more than one image is specified, it is composited into a single multi-image file. Use \fB+adjoin\fP if you want a single image produced for each frame. Raw images are expected to have one byte per pixel unless \fBImageMagick\fP is compiled in 16-bit mode. Here, the raw data is expected to be stored two bytes per pixel in most-significant-byte-first order. .SH EXAMPLES To convert a \fIMIFF\fP image of a cockatoo to a SUN raster image, use: .nf convert cockatoo.miff sun:cockatoo.ras .fi To convert a multi-page \fIPostscript\fP document to individual FAX pages, use: .nf convert -monochrome document.ps fax:page .fi To convert a TIFF image to a \fIPostscript\fP A4 page with the image in the lower left-hand corner, use: .nf convert -page A4+0+0 image.tiff document.ps .fi To convert a raw \fBGRAY\fP image with a 128 byte header to a portable graymap, use: .nf convert -size 768x5.2.228 gray:raw image.pgm .fi To convert a Photo CD image to a TIFF image, use: .nf convert -size 1536x1024 img0009.pcd image.tiff convert img0009.pcd[4] image.tiff .fi To create a visual image directory of all your JPEG images, use: .nf convert 'vid:*.jpg' directory.miff .fi To annotate an image with blue text using font 12x24 at position (100,100), use: .nf convert -font helvetica -fill blue -draw "text 100,100 Cockatoo" bird.jpg bird.miff .fi To tile a 640x480 image with a JPEG texture with bumps use: .nf convert -size 640x480 tile:bumps.jpg tiled.png .fi To surround an icon with an ornamental border to use with \fBMosaic(1)\fP, use: .nf convert -mattecolor #ccc -frame 6x6 bird.jpg icon.png .fi To create a GIF animation image from a DNA molecule sequence, use: .nf convert -delay 20 dna.* dna.gif .fi .SH OPTIONS .TP .B "-adjoin join images into a single multi-image file. By default, all images of an image sequence are stored in the same file. However, some formats (e.g. JPEG) do not support more than one image and are saved to separate files. Use \fB+adjoin\fP to force this behavior. .TP .B "-antialias remove pixel aliasing. .TP .B "-append append an image sequence. All the input images must have the same width or height. Images of the same width are stacked top-to-bottom. Images of the same height are stacked left-to-right. Use \fB+append\fP to stack rectangular images left-to-right. .TP .B "-average" averages an image sequence. .TP .B "-blur \fIx\fP" blur the image with a Gaussian operator of the given radius and standard deviation (sigma). .TP .B "-border \fIx\fP" surround the image with a border of color. See \fBX(1)\fP for details about the geometry specification. .TP .B "-bordercolor \fIcolor\fP" the border color. .TP .B "-box \fIcolor\fP" set the color of the annotation bounding box. See \fB-draw\fP or for further details. See \fBX(1)\fP for details about the color specification. .TP .B "-cache \fIthreshold\fP" megabytes of memory available to the pixel cache. Image pixels are stored in memory until 80 megabytes of memory have been consumed. Subsequent pixel operations are cached on disk. Operations to memory are significantly faster but if your computer does not have a sufficient amount of free memory you may want to adjust this threshold value. .TP .B "-channel \fItype\fP" the type of channel: \fBRed\fP, \fBGreen\fP, \fBBlue\fP, or \fBMatte\fP. Use this option to extract a particular \fIchannel\fP from the image. \fBMatte\fP, for example, is useful for extracting the opacity values from an image. .TP .B "-charcoal \fIradius\fP" simulate a charcoal drawing. .TP .B "-coalesce" merge a sequence of images. .TP .B "-colorize \fIvalue\fP" colorize the image with the fill color. Specify the amount of colorization as a percentage. You can apply separate colorization values to the red, green, and blue channels of the image with a colorization value list delineated with slashes (e.g. 0/0/50). .TP .B "-colors \fIvalue\fP" preferred number of colors in the image. The actual number of colors in the image may be less than your request, but never more. Note, this is a color reduction option. Images with less unique colors than specified with this option will have any duplicate or unused colors removed. Refer to \fBquantize(9)\fP for more details. Note, options \fB-dither\fP, \fB-colorspace\fP, and \fB-treedepth\fP affect the color reduction algorithm. .TP .B "-colorspace \fIvalue\fP" the type of colorspace: \fBGRAY\fP, \fBOHTA\fP, \fBRGB\fP, \fBTransparent\fP, \fBXYZ\fP, \fBYCbCr\fP, \fBYIQ\fP, \fBYPbPr\fP, \fBYUV\fP, or \fBCMYK\fP. Color reduction, by default, takes place in the RGB color space. Empirical evidence suggests that distances in color spaces such as YUV or YIQ correspond to perceptual color differences more closely than do distances in RGB space. These color spaces may give better results when color reducing an image. Refer to \fBquantize(9)\fP for more details. The \fBTransparent\fP color space behaves uniquely in that it preserves the matte channel of the image if it exists. The \fB-colors\fP or \fB-monochrome\fP option is required for this option to take effect. .TP .B "-comment \fIstring\fP" annotate an image with a comment. Use this option to assign a specific comment to the image. You can include the image filename, type, width, height, or other image attributes by embedding special format characters: .nf %b file size %c comment %d directory %e filename extention %f filename %h height %i input filename %k number of unique colors %l label %m magick %n number of scenes %o output filename %p page number %q quantum depth %s scene number %t top of filename %u unique temporary filename %w width %x x resolution %y y resolution \\n newline \\r carriage return .fi For example, .nf -comment "%m:%f %wx%h" .fi produces an image comment of \fBMIFF:bird.miff 512x480\fP for an image titled \fBbird.miff\fP and whose width is 512 and height is 480. If the first character of \fIstring\fP is \fB@\fP, the image comment is read from a file titled by the remaining characters in the string. .TP .B "-compress \fItype\fP" the type of image compression: \fINone\fP, \fIBZip\fP, \fIFax\fP, \fIGroup4\fP, \fIJPEG\fP, \fILZW\fP, \fIRLE\fP, or \fIZip\fP. Specify \fB\+compress\fP to store the binary image in an uncompressed format. The default is the compression type of the specified image file. .TP .B "-contrast" enhance or reduce the image contrast. This option enhances the intensity differences between the lighter and darker elements of the image. Use \fB-contrast\fP to enhance the image or \fB+contrast\fP to reduce the image contrast. .TP .B "-crop \fIx{\+-}{\+-}{%}\fP" preferred size and location of the cropped image. See \fBX(1)\fP for details about the geometry specification. To specify a percentage width or height instead, append \fB%\fP. For example to crop the image by ten percent on all sides of the image, use \fB-crop 10%\fP. Omit the x and y offset to generate one or more subimages of a uniform size. Use cropping to crop a particular area of an image. Use \fB-crop 0x0\fP to trim edges that are the background color. Add an x and y offset to leave a portion of the trimmed edges with the image. .TP .B "-cycle \fIamount\fP" displace image colormap by amount. \fIAmount\fP defines the number of positions each colormap entry is shifted. .TP .B "-deconstruct" break down an image sequence into constituent parts. .TP .B "-delay \fI<1/100ths of a second>\fP" display the next image after pausing. This option is useful for regulating the animation of a sequence of GIF images within Netscape. \fI1/100ths of a second\fP must expire before the redisplay of the image sequence. The default is no delay between each showing of the image sequence. You can specify a delay range (e.g. -delay 10-500) which sets the minimum and maximum delay. .TP .B "-density \fIx\fP vertical and horizontal resolution in pixels of the image. This option specifies an image density when decoding a Postscript or Portable Document page. The default is 72 pixels per inch in the horizontal and vertical direction. This option is used in concert with \fB-page\fP. .TP .B "-depth \fIvalue\fP" depth of the image. This is the number of bits in a pixel. The only acceptable values are 8 or 16. .TP .B "-despeckle" reduce the speckles within an image. .TP .B "-display \fIhost:display[.screen]\fP" specifies the X server to contact; see \fBX(1)\fP. .TP .B "-dispose \fImethod\fP" GIF disposal method. Here are the valid methods: .nf 0 No disposal specified. 1 Do not dispose between frames. 2 Overwrite frame with background color from header. 3 Overwrite with previous frame. .fi .TP .B "-dither" apply Floyd/Steinberg error diffusion to the image. The basic strategy of dithering is to trade intensity resolution for spatial resolution by averaging the intensities of several neighboring pixels. Images which suffer from severe contouring when reducing colors can be improved with this option. The \fB-colors\fP or \fB-monochrome\fP option is required for this option to take effect. Use \fB+dither\fP to render Postscript without text or graphic aliasing. .TP .B "-draw \fIstring\fP" annotate an image with one or more graphic primitives. Use this option to annotate an image with one or more graphic primitives. The primitives include .nf point line rectangle roundRectangle arc ellipse circle polyline polygon bezier path color matte text image .fi \fBPoint\fP, \fBline\fP, \fBcolor\fP, \fBmatte\fP, \fBtext\fP, and \fBimage\fP each require a single coordinate. \fBLine\fP requires a start and end coordinate, while \fBrectangle\fP expects an upper left and lower right coordinate. \fBCircle\fP has a center coordinate and a coordinate on the outer edge. Use \fBArc\fP to circumscribe an arc within a rectangle. Arcs require a start and end point as well as the degree of rotation (e.g. 130,30 200,100 45,90). Use \fBEllipse\fP to draw a partial ellipse centered at the given point with the x-axis and y-axis radius and start and end of arc in degrees (e.g. 100,100 100,150 0,360). Finally, \fBpolyline\fP and \fBpolygon\fP require three or more coordinates to define its boundaries. Coordinates are integers separated by an optional comma. For example, to define a circle centered at 100,100 that extends to 150,150 use: .nf -draw 'circle 100,100 150,150' .fi Paths represent an outline of an object which is defined in terms of moveto (set a new current point), lineto (draw a straight line), curveto (draw a curve using a cubic bezier), arc (elliptical or circular arc) and closepath (close the current shape by drawing a line to the last moveto) elements. Compound paths (i.e., a path with subpaths, each consisting of a single moveto followed by one or more line or curve operations) are possible to allow effects such as "donut holes" in objects. Use \fBcolor\fP to change the color of a pixel. Follow the pixel coordinate with a method: .nf point replace floodfill filltoborder reset .fi Consider the target pixel as that specified by your coordinate. The \fBpoint\fP method recolors the target pixel. The \fBreplace\fP method recolors any pixel that matches the color of the target pixel. \fBFloodfill\fP recolors any pixel that matches the color of the target pixel and is a neighbor, whereas \fBfilltoborder\fP recolors any neighbor pixel that is not the border color. Finally, \fBreset\fP recolors all pixels. Use \fBmatte\fP to the change the pixel matte value to transparent. Follow the pixel coordinate with a method (see the \fBcolor\fP primitive for a description of methods). The \fBpoint\fP method changes the matte value of the target pixel. The \fBreplace\fP method changes the matte value of any pixel that matches the color of the target pixel. \fBFloodfill\fP changes the matte value of any pixel that matches the color of the target pixel and is a neighbor, whereas \fBfilltoborder\fP changes the matte value of any neighbor pixel that is not the border color (\fB-bordercolor\fP). Finally \fBreset\fP changes the matte value of all pixels. Use \fBtext\fP to annotate an image with text. Follow the text coordinates with a string. If the string has embedded spaces, enclose it in double quotes. Optionally you can include the image filename, type, width, height, or other image attribute by embedding special format characters. See \fB-comment\fP for details. For example, .nf -draw 'text 100,100 "%m:%f %wx%h"' .fi annotates the image with \fBMIFF:bird.miff 512x480\fP for an image titled \fBbird.miff\fP and whose width is 512 and height is 480. To generate a Unicode character (TrueType fonts only), embed the code as an escaped hex string (e.g. \\0x30a3). Use \fBimage\fP to composite an image with another image. Follow the image primitive with a composite operator, image position, image size, and filename: .nf -draw 'image Over 100,100 225,225 image.jpg' .fi If the first character of \fIstring\fP is \fB@\fP, the text is read from a file titled by the remaining characters in the string. You can set the primitive color, font color, and font bounding box color with \fB-fill\fP, \fB-font\fP, and \fB-box\fP respectively. Options are processed in command line order so be sure to use \fB-fill\fP \fIbefore\fP the \fB-draw\fP option. .TP .B "-edge \fI\fP" enhance the edges of the image with a convolution filter of the given radius. .TP .B "-emboss \fIx\fP" emboss the image with a convolution kernel of the given radius and standard deviation (sigma). .TP .B "-enhance" apply a digital filter to enhance a noisy image. .TP .B "-equalize" perform histogram equalization to the image. .TP .B "-fill \fIcolor\fP" color to use when filling a graphic primitive. See \fB-draw\fP for further details. .TP .B "-filter \fItype\fP" use this type of filter when resizing an image. Use this option to affect the resizing operation of an image (see \fB-geometry\fP). Choose from these filters: .nf Point Box Triangle Hermite Hanning Hamming Blackman Gaussian Quadratic Cubic Catrom Mitchell Lanczos Bessel Sinc .fi The default filter is \fBLanczos\fP. .TP .B "-flatten" flatten a sequence of images. .TP .B "-flip" create a "mirror image" by reflecting the image scanlines in the vertical direction. .TP .B "-flop" create a "mirror image" by reflecting the image scanlines in the horizontal direction. .TP .B "-font \fIname\fP" use this font when annotating the image with text. If the font is a fully qualified X server font name, the font is obtained from an X server (e.g. -*-helvetica-medium-r-*-*-12-*-*-*-*-*-iso8859-*). To use a TrueType font, precede the TrueType filename with a \fB@\fP (e.g. @times.ttf). Otherwise, specify a Postscript, X11, or TrueType font (e.g. helvetica). .TP .B "-frame \fIx++\fP" surround the image with an ornamental border. See \fBX(1)\fP for details about the geometry specification. The color of the border is specified with the \fB-mattecolor\fP command line option. .TP .B "-fuzz \fIdistance\fP" colors within this distance are considered equal. A number of algorithms search for a target color. By default the color must be exact. Use this option to match colors that are close to the target color in RGB space. For example, if you want to automatically trim the edges of an image with \fB-crop 0x0\fP but the image was scanned. The target background color may differ by a small amount. This option can account for these differences. .TP .B "-gamma \fIvalue\fP" level of gamma correction. The same color image displayed on two different workstations may look different due to differences in the display monitor. Use gamma correction to adjust for this color difference. Reasonable values extend from 0.8 to 2.3. You can apply separate gamma values to the red, green, and blue channels of the image with a gamma value list delineated with slashes (e.g. 1.7/2.3/1.2). Use \fB+gamma\fP to set the image gamma level without actually adjusting the image pixels. This option is useful if the image is of a known gamma but not set as an image attribute (e.g. PNG images). .TP .B "-gaussian \fIx\fP" blur the image with a Gaussian operator of the given radius and standard deviation (sigma). .TP .B "-geometry \fIx{\+-}{\+-}{%}{@}{!}{<}{>}\fP" preferred size or location of the image when encoding. By default, the width and height are maximum values. That is, the image is expanded or contracted to fit the width and height value while maintaining the aspect ratio of the image. Append an exclamation point to the geometry to force the image size to exactly the size you specify. For example, if you specify \fB640x480!\fP the image width is set to 640 pixels and height to 480. If only one factor is specified, both the width and height assume the value. To specify a percentage width or height instead, append \fB%\fP. The image size is multiplied by the width and height percentages to obtain the final image dimensions. To increase the size of an image, use a value greater than 100 (e.g. 125%). To decrease an image's size, use a percentage less than 100. Use \fB@\fP to specify the maximum area in pixels of an image. Use \fB>\fP to change the dimensions of the image \fIonly\fP if its size exceeds the geometry specification. \fB<\fP resizes the image \fIonly\fP if its dimensions is less than the geometry specification. For example, if you specify \fB'640x480>'\fP and the image size is 512x512, the image size does not change. However, if the image is 1024x1024, it is resized to 640x480. There are 72 pixels per inch in Postscript coordinates. .TP .B "-gravity \fItype\fP" direction text gravitates to when annotating the image: NorthWest, North, NorthEast, West, Center, East, SouthWest, South, SouthEast. See \fBX(1)\fP for details about the gravity specification. The direction you choose specifies where to position the text when annotating the image. For example \fICenter\fP gravity forces the text to be centered within the image. By default, the text gravity is \fINorthWest\fP. .TP .B "-implode \fIamount\fP" implode image pixels about the center. .TP .B "-intent \fItype\fP" use this type of rendering intent when managing the image color. Use this option to affect the color management operation of an image (see \fB-profile\fP). Choose from these intents: .nf Absolute Perceptual Relative Saturation .fi The default rendering intent is undefined. .TP .B "-interlace \fItype\fP" the type of interlacing scheme: \fBNone\fP, \fBLine\fP, \fBPlane\fP, or \fBPartition\fP. The default is \fBNone\fP. This option is used to specify the type of interlacing scheme for raw image formats such as \fBRGB\fP or \fBYUV\fP. \fBNo\fP means do not interlace (RGBRGBRGBRGBRGBRGB...), \fBLine\fP uses scanline interlacing (RRR...GGG...BBB...RRR...GGG...BBB...), and \fBPlane\fP uses plane interlacing (RRRRRR...GGGGGG...BBBBBB...). \fBPartition\fP is like plane except the different planes are saved to individual files (e.g. image.R, image.G, and image.B). Use \fBLine\fP, or \fBPlane\fP to create an interlaced GIF or progressive JPEG image. .TP .B "-label \fIname\fP" assign a label to an image. Use this option to assign a specific label to the image. Optionally you can include the image filename, type, width, height, or scene number in the label by embedding special format characters. See \fB-comment\fP for details. For example, .nf -label "%m:%f %wx%h" .fi produces an image label of \fBMIFF:bird.miff 512x480\fP for an image titled \fBbird.miff\fP and whose width is 512 and height is 480. If the first character of \fIstring\fP is \fB@\fP, the image label is read from a file titled by the remaining characters in the string. When converting to Postscript, use this option to specify a header string to print above the image. Specify the label font with \fB-font\fP. .TP .B "-list \fItype\fP" the type of list: \fBColor\fP, \fBDelegate\fP, \fBFormat\fP, \fBMagic\fP, \fBModule\fP, or \fBType\fP. This option lists entries from the ImageMagick configuration files. .TP .B "-loop \fIiterations\fP" add Netscape loop extension to your GIF animation. A value other than zero forces the animation to repeat itself up to \fIiterations\fP times. .TP .B "-map \fIfilename\fP" choose a particular set of colors from this image. By default, color reduction chooses an optimal set of colors that best represent the original image. Alternatively, you can choose a particular set of colors from an image file with this option. Use \fB+map\fP to reduce all images provided on the command line to a single optimal set of colors that best represent all the images. .TP .B "-matte" store matte channel if the image has one otherwise create an opaque one. .TP .B "-median \fIradius\fP" apply a median filter to the image. .TP .B "-modulate \fIvalue\fP" vary the brightness, saturation, and hue of an image. Specify the percent change in brightness, the color saturation, and the color hue separated by commas. For example, to increase the color brightness by 20% and decrease the color saturation by 10% and leave the hue unchanged, use: \fB-modulate 120,90\fP. .TP .B "-monochrome" transform the image to black and white. .TP .B "-morph" morphs an image sequence. Both the image pixels and size are linearly interpolated to give the appearance of a meta-morphosis from one image to the next. .TP .B "-mosaic" create an mosaic from an image sequence. .TP .B "-negate" replace every pixel with its complementary color (white becomes black, yellow becomes blue, etc.). The red, green, and blue intensities of an image are negated. Use \fB+negate\fP to only negate the grayscale pixels of the image. .TP .B "-noise \fIradius\fP" add or reduce the noise in an image. The principal function of noise peak elimination filter is to smooth the objects within an image without losing edge information and without creating undesired structures. The central idea of the algorithm is to replace a pixel with its next neighbor in value within a pixel window, if this pixel has been found to be noise. A pixel is defined as noise if and only if this pixel is a maximum or minimum within the pixel window. Use \fIradius\fP to specify the width of the neighborhood. Use \fB+noise\fP followed by a noise type to add noise to an image. Choose from these noise types: .nf Uniform Gaussian Multiplicative Impulse Laplacian Poisson .fi .TP .B "-normalize" transform image to span the full range of color values. This is a contrast enhancement technique. .TP .B "-opaque \fIcolor\fP" change this color to the fill color within the image. See \fB-fill\fP for more details. .TP .B "-page \fIx{\+-}{\+-}{%}{!}{<}{>}\fP" preferred size and location of an image canvas. Use this option to specify the dimensions of the Postscript page in dots per inch or a TEXT page in pixels. The choices for a Postscript page are: .nf 11x17 792 1224 Ledger 1224 792 Legal 612 1008 Letter 612 792 LetterSmall 612 792 ArchE 2592 3456 ArchD 1728 2592 ArchC 1296 1728 ArchB 864 1296 ArchA 648 864 A0 2380 3368 A1 1684 2380 A2 1190 1684 A3 842 1190 A4 595 842 A4Small 595 842 A5 421 595 A6 297 421 A7 210 297 A8 148 210 A9 105 148 A10 74 105 B0 2836 4008 B1 2004 2836 B2 1418 2004 B3 1002 1418 B4 709 1002 B5 501 709 C0 2600 3677 C1 1837 2600 C2 1298 1837 C3 918 1298 C4 649 918 C5 459 649 C6 323 459 Flsa 612 936 Flse 612 936 HalfLetter 396 612 .fi For convenience you can specify the page size by media (e.g. A4, Ledger, etc.). Otherwise, \fB-page\fP behaves much like \fB-geometry\fP (e.g. -page letter+43+43>). To position a GIF image, use -page \fI{\+-}{\+-}\fP (e.g. -page +100+200). For a Postscript page, the image is sized as in \fB-geometry\fP and positioned relative to the lower left hand corner of the page by \fI{\+-}{\+-}\fP. Use -page 612x792>, for example, to center the image within the page. If the image size exceeds the Postscript page, it is reduced to fit the page. The default page dimensions for a TEXT image is 612x792. This option is used in concert with \fB-density\fP. .TP .B "-paint \fIradius\fP" simulate an oil painting. Each pixel is replaced by the most frequent color in a circular neighborhood whose width is specified with \fIradius\fP. .TP .B "-pointsize \fIvalue\fP" pointsize of the Postscript, X11, or TrueType font. .TP .B "-preview \fItype\fP" image preview type. Use this option to affect the preview operation of an image (e.g. convert -preview Gamma Preview:gamma.gif). Choose from these previews: .nf Rotate Shear Roll Hue Saturation Brightness Gamma Spiff Dull Grayscale Quantize Despeckle ReduceNoise AddNoise Sharpen Blur Threshold Edge Detect Spread Shade Raise Segment Solarize Swirl Implode Wave OilPaint CharcoalDrawing JPEG .fi The default preview is \fBJPEG\fP. .TP .B "-profile \fIfilename\fP" add ICM color or IPTC newswire information profile to image. Use \fB+profile icm\fP or \fB+profile iptc\fP to remove the respective profile. .TP .B "-quality \fIvalue\fP" JPEG/MIFF/PNG compression level. For the JPEG image format, quality is 0 (worst) to 100 (best). The default quality is 75. Quality for the MIFF and PNG image format sets the amount of image compression (quality / 10) and filter-type (quality % 10). Compression quality values range from 0 (worst) to 100 (best). If filter-type is 4 or less, the specified filter-type is used for all scanlines: .nf 0: none 1: sub 2: up 3: average 4: Paeth .fi If filter-type is 5, adaptive filtering is used when quality is greater than 50 and the image does not have a color map, otherwise no filtering is used. If filter-type is 6 or more, adaptive filtering with \fIminimum-sum-of-absolute-values\fP is used. The default is quality is 75. Which means nearly the best compression with adaptive filtering. For further information, see the PNG specification (RFC 2083), . .TP .B "-raise \fIx\fP" lighten or darken image edges to create a 3-D effect. See \fBX(1)\fP for details about the geometry specification. Use \fB-raise\fP to create a raised effect, otherwise use \fB+raise\fP. .TP .B "-region \fIx{\+-}{\+-}\fP" apply options to a portion of the image. By default, any command line options are applied to the entire image. Use \fB-region\fP to restrict operations to a particular area of the image. .TP .B "-roll \fI{\+-}{\+-}\fP" roll an image vertically or horizontally. See \fBX(1)\fP for details about the geometry specification. A negative \fIx offset\fP rolls the image left-to-right. A negative \fIy offset\fP rolls the image top-to-bottom. .TP .B "-rotate \fIdegrees{<}{>}\fP" apply Paeth image rotation to the image. Use \fB>\fP to rotate the image \fIonly\fP if its width exceeds the height. \fB<\fP rotates the image \fIonly\fP if its width is less than the height. For example, if you specify \fB-90>\fP and the image size is 480x640, the image is not rotated by the specified angle. However, if the image is 640x480, it is rotated by -90 degrees. Empty triangles left over from rotating the image are filled with the color defined as \fBbordercolor\fP (class \fBborderColor\fP). See \fBX(1)\fP for details. .TP .B "-sample \fIgeometry\fP" scale image with pixel sampling. .TP .B "-scale \fIgeometry\fP" scale image. .TP .TP .B "-scene \fIvalue\fP" image scene number. .TP .B "-seed \fIvalue\fP" pseudo-random number generator seed value. .TP .B "-segment \fIx\fP" segment an image by analyzing the histograms of the color components and identifying units that are homogeneous with the fuzzy c-means technique. Specify \fIcluster threshold\fP as the number of pixels in each cluster must exceed the the cluster threshold to be considered valid. \fISmoothing threshold\fP eliminates noise in the second derivative of the histogram. As the value is increased, you can expect a smoother second derivative. The default is 1.5. See \fBIMAGE SEGMENTATION\fP for details. .TP .B "-shade \fIx\fP" shade the image using a distant light source. Specify \fIazimuth\fP and \fIelevation\fP as the position of the light source. Use \fB+shade\fP to return the shading results as a grayscale image. .TP .B "-sharpen \fIx\fP" sharpen the image with a Laplacian operator of the given radius and standard deviation (sigma). .TP .B "-shave \fIx\fP" shave pixels from the image edges. .TP .B "-shear \fIx\fP" shear the image along the X or Y axis by a positive or negative shear angle. Shearing slides one edge of an image along the X or Y axis, creating a parallelogram. An X direction shear slides an edge along the X axis, while a Y direction shear slides an edge along the Y axis. The amount of the shear is controlled by a shear angle. For X direction shears, \fIx degrees\fP is measured relative to the Y axis, and similarly, for Y direction shears \fIy degrees\fP is measured relative to the X axis. Empty triangles left over from shearing the image are filled with the color defined as \fBbordercolor\fP (class \fBborderColor\fP). See \fBX(1)\fP for details. .TP .B "-size \fIx+\fP" width and height of the image. Use this option to specify the width and height of raw images whose dimensions are unknown such as \fBGRAY\fP, \fBRGB\fP, or \fBCMYK\fP. In addition to width and height, use \fB-size\fP to skip any header information in the image or tell the number of colors in a \fBMAP\fP image file, (e.g. -size 640x512+256). For Photo CD images, choose from these sizes: .nf 192x128 384x256 768x512 1536x1024 3072x2048 .fi Finally, use this option to choose a particular resolution layer of a JBIG or JPEG image (e.g. -size 1024x768). .TP .B "-solarize \fIfactor\fP" negate all pixels above the threshold level. Specify \fIfactor\fP as the percent threshold of the intensity (0 - 99.9%). This option produces a \fBsolarization\fP effect seen when exposing a photographic film to light during the development process. .TP .B "-spread \fIamount\fP" displace image pixels by a random amount. \fIAmount\fP defines the size of the neighborhood around each pixel to choose a candidate pixel to swap. .TP .B "-stroke \fIcolor\fP" color to use when stoking a graphic primitive. See \fB-draw\fP for further details. .TP .B "-strokewidth \fIvalue\fP" set the stroke width. See \fB-draw\fP for further details. .TP .B "-swirl \fIdegrees\fP" swirl image pixels about the center. \fIDegrees\fP defines the tightness of the swirl. .TP .B "-texture \fIfilename\fP" name of texture to tile onto the image background. .TP .B "-threshold \fIvalue\fP" threshold the image. Create a bi-level image such that any pixel intensity that is equal or exceeds the threshold is reassigned the maximum intensity otherwise the minimum intensity. .TP .B "-tile \fIfilename\fP" tile image when filling a graphic primitive. .TP .B "-transparent \fIcolor\fP" make this color transparent within the image. .TP .B "-treedepth \fIvalue\fP" Normally, this integer value is zero or one. A zero or one tells \fBconvert\fP to choose a optimal tree depth for the color reduction algorithm. An optimal depth generally allows the best representation of the source image with the fastest computational speed and the least amount of memory. However, the default depth is inappropriate for some images. To assure the best representation, try values between 2 and 8 for this parameter. Refer to \fBquantize(9)\fP for more details. The \fB-colors\fP option is required for this option to take effect. .TP .B "-type \fItype\fP" set the image type: \fBBilevel\fP, \fBGrayscale\fP, \fBPalette\fP, \fBPaletteMatte\fP, \fBTrueColor\fP, \fBTrueColorMatte\fP, \fBColorSeparation\fP, or \fBColorSeparationMatte\fP. .TP .B "-units \fItype\fP" the type of image resolution: \fBUndefined\fP, \fBPixelsPerInch\fP, or \fBPixelsPerCentimeter\fP. The default is \fBUndefined\fP. .TP .B "-unsharp \fIx\fP" sharpen the image with a unsharp mask operator of the given radius and standard deviation (sigma). .TP .TP .B -verbose print detailed information about the image. This information is printed: image scene number; image name; converted image name; image size; the image class (\fIDirectClass\fP or \fIPseudoClass\fP); the total number of unique colors; and the number of seconds to read and transform the image. .TP .B "-view \fIstring\fP" FlashPix viewing parameters. .TP .B "-wave \fIx\fP" alter an image along a sine wave. Specify \fIamplitude\fP and \fIwavelength\fP to effect the characteristics of the wave. .PP Options are processed in command line order. Any option you specify on the command line remains in effect until it is explicitly changed by specifying the option again with a different effect. Some options only effect the decoding of images and others only the encoding. By default, the image format is determined by its magic number. To specify a particular image format, precede the filename with an image format name and a colon (i.e. ps:image) or specify the image type as the filename suffix (i.e. image.ps). See \fBDESCRIPTION\fP for a list of valid formats. When you specify \fBX\fP as your image type, the filename has special meaning. It specifies an X window by id, name, or \fBroot\fP. If no filename is specified, the window is selected by clicking the mouse in the desired window. Specify \fIinput_file\fP as \fI-\fP for standard input, \fIoutput_file\fP as \fI-\fP for standard output. If \fIinput_file\fP has the extension \fB.Z\fP or \fB.gz\fP, the file is uncompressed with \fBuncompress\fP or \fBgunzip\fP respectively. If \fIoutput_file\fP has the extension \fB.Z\fP or \fB.gz\fP, the file size is compressed using with \fBcompress\fP or \fBgzip\fP respectively. Finally, precede the image file name with \fI|\fP to pipe to or from a system command. Use an optional index enclosed in brackets after a file name to specify a desired subimage of a multi-resolution image format like Photo CD (e.g. img0001.pcd[4]) or a range for MPEG images (e.g. video.mpg[50-75]). A subimage specification can be disjoint (e.g. image.tiff[2,7,4]). For raw images, specify a subimage with a geometry (e.g. -size 640x512 image.rgb[320x256+50+50]). Single images are written with the filename you specify. However, multi-part images (e.g. a multi-page Postscript document with \fB+adjoin\fP specified) are written with the filename followed by a period (\fB.\fP) and the scene number. You can change this behavior by embedding a \fBprintf\fP format specification in the file name. For example, .nf image%02d.miff .fi converts files image00.miff, image01.miff, etc. The % character is always interpreted in output filenames. To get a % character in the filename, use %%. Prepend an at sign (\fB@\fP) to a filename to read a list of image filenames from that file. This is convenient in the event you have too many image filenames to fit on the command line. .SH IMAGE SEGMENTATION Use \fB-segment\fP to segment an image by analyzing the histograms of the color components and identifying units that are homogeneous with the fuzzy c-means technique. The scale-space filter analyzes the histograms of the three color components of the image and identifies a set of classes. The extents of each class is used to coarsely segment the image with thresholding. The color associated with each class is determined by the mean color of all pixels within the extents of a particular class. Finally, any unclassified pixels are assigned to the closest class with the fuzzy c-means technique. The fuzzy c-Means algorithm can be summarized as follows: .RS .LP o Build a histogram, one for each color component of the image. .LP o For each histogram, successively apply the scale-space filter and build an interval tree of zero crossings in the second derivative at each scale. Analyze this scale-space ``fingerprint'' to determine which peaks or valleys in the histogram are most predominant. .LP o The fingerprint defines intervals on the axis of the histogram. Each interval contains either a minima or a maxima in the original signal. If each color component lies within the maxima interval, that pixel is considered ``classified'' and is assigned an unique class number. .LP o Any pixel that fails to be classified in the above thresholding pass is classified using the fuzzy c-Means technique. It is assigned to one of the classes discovered in the histogram analysis phase. .RE The fuzzy c-Means technique attempts to cluster a pixel by finding the local minima of the generalized within group sum of squared error objective function. A pixel is assigned to the closest class of which the fuzzy membership has a maximum value. For additional information see .IP Young Won Lim, Sang Uk Lee, "On The Color Image Segmentation Algorithm Based on the Thresholding and the Fuzzy c-Means Techniques", Pattern Recognition, Volume 23, Number 9, pages 935-952, 1990. .SH ENVIRONMENT .TP .B DISPLAY To get the default host, display number, and screen. .SH SEE ALSO .B display(1), animate(1), import(1), montage(1), mogrify(1), composite(1), xtp(1) .SH COPYRIGHT Copyright (C) 2001 ImageMagick Studio, a non-profit organization dedicated to making software imaging solutions freely available. Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files ("ImageMagick"), to deal in ImageMagick without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of ImageMagick, and to permit persons to whom the ImageMagick is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of ImageMagick. The software is provided "as is", without warranty of any kind, express or implied, including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability, fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement. In no event shall ImageMagick Studio be liable for any claim, damages or other liability, whether in an action of contract, tort or otherwise, arising from, out of or in connection with ImageMagick or the use or other dealings in ImageMagick. Except as contained in this notice, the name of the ImageMagick Studio shall not be used in advertising or otherwise to promote the sale, use or other dealings in ImageMagick without prior written authorization from the ImageMagick Studio. .SH AUTHORS John Cristy, E.I. du Pont De Nemours and Company Incorporated